Islamic economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Islamic economy - Essay Example Throughout the Muslim nations, the comprehension was nothing was lawful about banks (Thomas 4). The modern setting of Islamic banking began in the 1960s in Egypt; nevertheless, this attempt was unfruitful and limited to certain contemporary setting. There were two events that triggered and spread the development of Islamic economy. The first event was the OPEC oil crisis as it was referred to in the west; however, unlike in the west, quotas and increased oil prices resulted in increased GDP per capita in the oil-producing Islamic nations. This resulted in increase of gross savings, consumption and most significantly demand for a banking system fit with Islamic regulations for devout Muslims. The second trigger was the Islamic revolution in Iran because it inspired the Iranian government to require a banking system that complies with Islamic sharia’a laws (Thomas 55). Recognition of non-western economic thought remedied the prevailing ignorance in the west regarding contributio n of Arab-Muslim thinkers in economics. Islamic economists criticized the assumptions upon which conventional economics based and their policies. Islam emphasizes communal responsibility and harmony of the Muslim nations or Muslim community. Islamic economists associated utilitarian to hedonism, which they considered as a replacement of the moral values. Unlike Marxist approach to remuneration that considers labor as a source of value; Islamic economists identify the legitimacy of rental income together with profits. With inbuilt deepness and breadth of Islamic commercial law, current jurists find realistic and hypothetical jurisprudence upon which to draw solution when confronted with disputes of the contemporary marketplace. The initial few decades of modern Islamic economy was a period of revival and the last decade has been an era of significant innovation. Modern Muslim jurist provide sharia’a-compliant solutions to the expanding spectrum of needs. Toward the end of the 1980s, the situation began to change with Islamic and banking and economy growing beyond the expectations of Islamic economy supporters. Since then, Islamic finance has become a growth industry with several multinational banks and asset management companies taking interest in the development of Islamic economy (Thomas 5). Within the banking and finance industry significant developments began with the significant reason being the progress made by Muslim jurisprudence to, understanding the modern business of commerce and applying sharia’a principles. An additional reason was the development of facilities by sharia’a boards with normal contracts allowing Islamic economies to be at ease with the novel organization. The renewal of Islamic commercial energy led to the development of cooperation and helpful interactions between Muslims and people with different religious backgrounds. Acceptance of sharia’a in Islamic economies does not lead to rejection of tools necess ary for economic analysis; rather, it implies evaluation of economic policy with moral perspective according to religious teachings (Thomas 8). Apart from oil and gas-rich states, many Muslim economies are either low or middle-income developing nations, where often

Nora in Ibsens A Dolls House Essay Example for Free

Nora in Ibsens A Dolls House Essay Throughout history, the role of gender equality has been viewed with varying degrees of importance by societies. People are quick to identify and label a rebel as the one who goes against all the moral convictions and different normalities of each society. The definition of rebel is listed as someone or something that resists any authority or control. In the context of society, the control which is resisted by the rebel can be no other than the stereotypes of that particular society, a feature which can be directly linked to the oppression of women and their desires and aspirations under standardised conditions and circumstances. Can the rebellious attitudes of women be condemned, ignoring the discontent of these women? Also, should their happiness become repressed, giving way to self-sacrifice and the forfeiting of their desires? It is these issues which Medea and Nora are faced with, and in each case we can see that their decision to go against the stereotypes of the eras are perhaps indicative of the predominance of their own desires and dreams over the notion of self-sacrifice. Thus we can see that both Medea and Nora can be characterised as rebels against the societies they live in. To begin with, Nora has fit into her society quite appropriately. She has married Torvald Helmer, and has three small children. She fulfills her duties as mother and wife with no apparent constraints from happiness. She does indeed thrive on keeping her home as best she can with the limited money she has at her disposal. One example of this is where she has bought Christmas presents for Torvald, all of her children, and even the maids; however she buys nothing for herself. 1 She endures Torvalds condescending stance towards her, and does not retaliate when he criticizes both her and her father by saying that Nora is just like your father always on the look-out for all the money you can get, but the moment you have it, it seems to slip through your fingers 2 The impression we are left with after these first pages is that of Nora being extremely nai ve, and having to be put in her place by Helmer, who does so almost instinctively.

Heraldry :: essays research papers

Heraldry is a system of signs and symbols, which originated in the Middle Ages as means of recognizing warriors on the battlefield. Since armor or coat of mail was worn, it was not difficult to distinguish friend from enemies even at some distance, for each man wore a uniquely designed shield. Medieval Heraldry originated early in the 12th century in Europe. Back in the earlier centuries when they battled, the knights could not distinguish between the opponents or their own kind, because the armors were very similar. So the knights began to decorate their shields with different colors and shapes so they can know who to kill and who is on their side. Also it helped see them from a distance. The design wasn?t the only thing. The knights wore a simple coat to protect them from the sun. By doing this it became known as heraldry. As a result of their success, families of the winners displayed the arms as a sign of accomplishment. Heraldry began as an art and has developed into a complex science with its own rules. The coat of arms consists of the shield, the mantle, the helmet, the wreath, and the crest. Kings and queens first used them. The shield shapes vary according to time period. The colors on the shields meant different things. For example, yellow and gold meant generosity, blue meant loyalty, and white and silver meant peace and sincerity. The shield also has fur, and that suggest a mark of dignity. The mantle represented the cloth that hang from the wreath, and it was also used to protect the head, back, and neck. The helmet varies with the bearer's rank and the century represented. The wreath is usually a primary color and is metal. The crest is whatever appears above the helmet, and there is always a crest on a coat of arms. Blazon is a formal description of, most often, a coat of arms or flag, which enables a person to construct or reconstruct the appropriate image. The officers of arms developed the system of blazoning arms that is used today since the dawn of the art. This includes a description of the shield, the crest, and, mottoes. An understanding of these rules is one of the keys to sound practice of heraldry. The rules do differ from country to country, but there are some aspects that carry over in each jurisdiction.

Informative Speech For Gun Ownership :: essays research papers

Certainly one of the chief guarantees of freedom under any government, no matter how popular and respected, is the right of the citizen to keep and bear arms. This is not to say that firearms should not be very carefully used and that definite rules of precaution should not be taught and enforced. But the right of the citizen to bear arms is just one more safeguard against a tyranny which now appears remote in America, but which historically has proved to be always possible. -Hubert Humphrey, 1960 My background is probably atypical for a somewhat high-profile supporter of the right to keep and bear arms. I am black and grew up in Manhattan’s East Harlem, far removed from the great American gun culture of rural, white America. Although my voting patterns have become somewhat more conservative in recent years, I remain in my heart of hearts a 1960s Humphrey Democrat concerned with the plight of those most vulnerable in American society-minorities, the poor, the elderly, and single women-groups whose day-to-day realities are often overlooked in our public policy debates, people whose lives too often go unnoticed by our intellectually timid chattering classes. This is happening in the public debate over the right to bear arms. For the nation’s elites, the Second Amendment has become the Rodney Dangerfield of the Bill of Rights, constantly attacked by editorial writers, police chiefs seeking scapegoats, demagoging politicians, and most recently even by Rosie O’Donnell, no less. It is threatened by opportunistic legislative efforts, even when sponsors acknowledge their proposed legislation would have little impact on crime and violence. Professional champions of civil rights and civil liberties have been unwilling to defend the underlying principle of the right to arms. Even the conservative defense has been timid and often inept, tied less, one suspects, to abiding principle and more to the dynamics of contemporary Republican politics. Thus a right older than the Republic, one that the drafters of two constitutional amendments the Second and the Fourteenth intended to protect, and a right whose critical importance has been painfully revealed by twentieth-century history, is left undefended by the lawyers, writers, and scholars we routinely expect to defend other constitutional rights. Instead, the Second Amendment’s intellectual as well as political defense has been left in the unlikely hands of the National Rifle Association (NRA). And although the NRA deserves considerably better than the demonized reputation it has acquired, it should not be the sole or even principal voice in defense of a major constitut ional provision.

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 18

A Hive Full of Green Bees â€Å"Ahhhhhhhhh!† I sit up, my heart pounding. When my eyes focus, I see my dad standing at my bedside with his hands above his head; he's wearing his number 5 McNabb jersey. â€Å"Ahhhhhhhhhhhhh!† he continues to scream, until I get out of bed, raise my hands, and say â€Å"Ahhhhhhhhhh!† We do the chant, spelling the letters with our arms and legs. â€Å"E!-A!-G!-L!-E!-S! EAGLES!† When we finish, instead of saying good morning or anything else, my father simply jogs out of my room. I look at the clock, and it reads 5:59 a.m. The game starts at one o'clock. I promised to join Jake's tailgate party by ten, which gives me two hours to lift and an hour to run – so I lift, and Tiffany is outside at 8:00 a.m. just like she said she would be. We do a short run – maybe only six or seven miles. After a shower, I put on my Baskett jersey and ask my mom for a ride to the PATCO station, but she says, â€Å"Your driver is waiting for you outside.† Mom kisses me on the cheek and hands me some money. â€Å"Have fun, and don't let your brother drink too much.† Outside, I see Dad in his sedan; the engine is running. I get into the car and say, â€Å"Dad, are you going to the game?† â€Å"I wish I could,† he says, and then we back out of the driveway. The truth is that my father is still serving a self-imposed ban and is therefore not allowed to attend Eagles games. In the early eighties, Dad got into a fight with a Dallas Cowboys fan who dared to sit in the 700 Level, which were the cheap seats at the Vet, where the die-hard Eagles fans sat. The story I heard from my since-deceased uncle was this: When the Cowboys scored a touchdown, this Dallas fan jumped up and began cheering real loudly, so people started throwing beers and hot dogs at him. The only problem was that my dad was sitting in the row in front of this Dallas fan, so the beer and mustard and food rained down on Dad too. Apparently, Dad lost it, attacked the Dallas fan, and beat him within an inch of his life. My father was actually arrested, convicted of aggravated assault, and incarcerated for three months. If my uncle hadn't made the mortgage payments, we would have lost the house. Dad did lose his season ticket and has not been to an Eagles game since. Jake says we could get Dad in, since no one actually checks IDs at the gate, but Dad won't go back, saying, â€Å"As long as they let the opposing fans in our house, I can't trust myself.† This is sort of funny, because twenty-five years after Dad beat the hell out of that Dallas fan, he is just a fat old man who is not likely to beat up another fat old man, let alone a rowdy Dallas fan with the guts to wear a Cowboys jersey to an Eagles game. Although my father did hit me pretty hard in the attic just a few weeks ago – so maybe he is wise to stay away from the games. We drive over the hospital-green Walt Whitman Bridge, and he talks about how this just might be an important day in Eagles history, especially since the Giants won both games last year. â€Å"Revenge!† he keeps yelling indiscriminately. He also tells me I have to cheer real loudly so Eli Manning – who I know (from reading the sports pages) is the Giants' QB – will not be able to talk or hear during the huddles. â€Å"Scream your goddamn lungs out, because you're the twelfth man!† Dad says. The way he talks at me – never really pausing long enough for me to say any-thing – makes him sound crazy, I know, even though most people think I am the crazy person in the family. When we are stopped, waiting in line to pay the bridge toll, Dad quits his Eagles rant long enough to say, â€Å"It's good that you are going to the games with Jake again. Your brother's missed you a lot. You do realize that, right? You need to make time for family no matter what happens in your life, because Jake and your mother need you.† This is a pretty ironic thing for him to say, especially since he has hardly said anything to me since I have been home and never really spends any time with me or my mother or Jake at all, but I am glad my father is finally talking to me. All the time I have ever spent with Jake or him has always revolved around sports – mostly Eagles – and I know this is all he can really afford emotionally, so I take it, and say, â€Å"I wish you were going to the game, Dad.† â€Å"Me too,† he says, and then hands the toll collector a five. After taking the first off-ramp, he deposits me about ten blocks away from the new stadium so he can turn around and avoid traffic. â€Å"You're on your own coming home,† he says as I get out. â€Å"I'm not driving back into this zoo.† I thank him for the ride, and just before I shut the door, he raises his hands in the car and yells â€Å"Ahhhhhhhhh!† so I raise my hands and yell â€Å"Ahhhhhhhh!† A group of men drinking beers out of a nearby car trunk hear us, so they raise their hands and yell â€Å"Ahhhhhhhhhh!† Men united by a team, we all do the Eagles chant together. My chest feels so warm, and I remember how much fun it is to be in South Philly on game day. As I walk toward the west Lincoln Financial Field parking lot – following the directions my brother gave me on the phone the night before – so many people are wearing Eagles jerseys. Everywhere green. People are grilling, drinking beer from plastic cups, throwing footballs, listening to the WIP 610 pregame show on AM radio, and as I walk past, they all high-five me, throw me footballs, and yell, â€Å"Go Birds!† just because I am wearing an Eagles jersey. I see young boys with their fathers. Old guys with their grown sons. Men yelling and singing and smiling as if they were boys again. And I realize I have missed this a lot. Even though I do not want to, I look for the Vet and only find a parking lot. There's a new Phillies ballpark too, called Citizens Bank Park. By the entrance ripples a huge banner of some new player named Ryan Howard. All of this seems to suggest that Jake and Dad weren't lying when they said the Vet was demolished. I try not to think about the dates they mentioned, and I focus on enjoying the game and spending time with my brother. I find the right parking lot and begin to look for the green tent with the black Eagles flag flying from the top. The parking lot is full – tents and grills and parties everywhere – but after ten minutes or so, I spot my brother. Jake's in his number 99 Jerome Brown memorial jersey. (Jerome Brown was the two-time Pro Bowler defensive tackle who was killed in a car crash back in 1992.) My brother is drinking beer from a green cup, standing next to our friend Scott, who is manning the grill. Jake looks happy, and for a second I simply enjoy watching him smile as he throws an arm around Scott, whom I haven't seen since the last time I was in South Philly. Jake's face is red, and he looks a little drunk already, but he has always been a happy drunk, so I do not worry. Like my father, nothing makes Jake happier than Eagles game day. When Jake sees me, he yells, â€Å"Hank Baskett's tailgating with us!† and then runs over to give me a high five and a chest bump. â€Å"What's up, dude?† Scott says to me as we too exchange high fives. The big smile on his face suggests that he is happy to see me. â€Å"Man, you really are huge. What have you been lifting – cars?† I smile proudly as he punches my arm, like guys do when they are buddies. â€Å"It's been years – I mean, um – how many months has it been?† He and my brother exchange a glance that I do not miss, but before I can say anything, Scott yells, â€Å"Hey, all you fat-asses in the tent! I wanna introduce you to my boy – Jake's brother, Pat.† The tent is the size of a small house. I walk through the slit on one side, and a huge flat-screen television is set up on milk crates stacked two by four. Five really fat guys are seated in folding chairs, watching the pregame show – all of them in Eagles jerseys. Scott rattles off the names. After he says mine, the men nod and wave and then go back to watching the pregame show. All of them have handheld personal organizers, and their eyes are rapidly moving back and forth between the small screens in their hands and the large screen at the far side of the tent. Almost all have earpieces in, which I guess are connected to cellular phones. As we exit the tent, Scott says, â€Å"Don't mind them. They're all trying to get last-minute info. They'll be a little more friendly after they've placed their bets.† â€Å"Who are they?† I ask. â€Å"Guys from my work. I'm a computer tech now for Digital Cross Health. We do websites for family doctors.† â€Å"How are they watching television out here in the parking lot?† I ask. My brother waves me around to the back of the tent, points to a small engine in a square of metal, and says, â€Å"Gas-powered generator.† He points to the top of the tent, where a small gray plate is perched, and says, â€Å"Satellite dish.† â€Å"What do they do with all this gear when they go into the game?† I ask. â€Å"Oh,† Scott says with a laugh. â€Å"They don't have tickets.† Jake pours a Yuengling Lager into a plastic cup and hands it to me, and I notice three coolers loaded with beer cans and bottles, probably four or five cases. I know the plastic cup is to keep away the police, who can arrest you for having an open beer can in your hand but not for holding a plastic cup. The bag of empties just outside the tent suggests that Jake and Scott are way ahead of me. As Scott finishes grilling breakfast – thick sausages and eggs scrambled in a pan he has placed over the gas flames – he does not ask me many questions about what I have been up to, which I appreciate. I'm sure my brother has already told Scott all about my time in the bad place and my separation from Nikki, but I still appreciate Scott's allowing me to reenter the world of Eagles football without an interrogation. Scott tells me about his life, and it turns out that while I was in the bad place, he married someone named Willow, and they actually now have three-year-old twins named Tami and Jeri-Lyn. Scott shows me the picture he keeps in his wallet, and the girls are dressed alike in little pink ballerina outfits – tutus, tights – their hands stretched up over silver tiaras, pointing toward heaven. â€Å"My tiny dancers. We live on the Pennsylvania side now. Havertown,† Scott says as he loads a half dozen sausages onto the top rack of the barbecue, where they will keep warm while the next batch cooks. I think about Emily and me floating over the waves only the day before, and again I promise myself I'll get busy making my own daughter just as soon as apart time is over. I try not to do the math in my head, but I can't help it. If he has twins who are three years old and he was married sometime after I last saw him – but before his wife got pregnant – it must mean that I have not seen Scott for at least four years. Now maybe he knocked up his girlfriend and then married her, but of course, I can't ask that. Since his daughters are three, the math indicates he and I have not talked for at least three or four years. My last memory of Scott is at the Vet. I had sold my season ticket to Scott's brother Chris a season or two before, but Chris often went away on business conferences and allowed me to buy my seat back for the few home games played when he was out of town. I came up from Baltimore to see the Eagles play Dallas; I don't remember who won or what the score was. But I remember sitting in between Scott and Jake – up in the 700 Level – when Dallas scored a rushing touchdown. Some clown behind us stood up and began cheering as he unzipped his jacket, revealing a throwback Tony Dorsett jersey. Everyone in our section started booing and throwing food at this Dallas fan, who smiled and smiled. Jake was so drunk he could hardly stand, but he charged after this guy, climbing up over three rows of people. The sober Dallas fan shoved Jake away easily, but when Jake fell back into the arms of drunken Eagles fans, a cry went up, and the Tony Dorsett jersey was forcibly removed from the visiting fan's back and ripped into many pieces before security arrived and threw out a dozen people. Jake was not thrown out of the game. Scott and I were able to get Jake up and away from the mayhem, and when security arrived, we were in the men's room splashing water onto Jake's face, trying to sober him up. In my mind, this happened last year, maybe eleven months ago. But I know if I bring up this incident now as we are grilling in front of the Linc, I will be told that the memory occurred more than three or even four years ago, so I do not bring it up, even though I want to, because I know Jake's and Scott's responses will help me figure out what the rest of the world believes about time. And also, not knowing what the rest of the world believes happened between then and now is terrifying. It's better not to think too much about this. â€Å"Drink some beers,† Jake says to me. â€Å"Smile. It's game day!† So I start drinking, even though the little orange bottles that my pills come in have stickers forbidding me to drink alcohol. After the fat guys in the tent are fed, we eat off paper plates, and then Scott, Jake, and I begin throwing the football around. In the parking lot people are everywhere, not just tailgating, but roaming. Guys selling stolen or homemade T-shirts, moms parading around little girls in cheerleading outfits who will do a cheer if you donate a dollar to their local cheerleading booster club, crazy bums willing to tell you off-color jokes for free food and beer, strippers in short pants and satin jackets handing out free passes to the local gentlemen's clubs, packs of little kids in pads and helmets collecting money for their peewee football teams, college kids handing out free samples of new sodas or sports drinks or candy or junk food, and of course the seventy thousand other drunken Eagles fans just like us. Basically, it's a green football carnival. By the time we decide to have a catch, I've had two or three beers, and I'd be willing to bet Jake and Scott have each had at least ten, so our passes are not all that accurate. We hit parked cars, knock over a few tables of food, beam one or two guys in the back, but no one cares, because we are Eagles fans in Eagles jerseys who are ready and willing to cheer on the Birds. Every so often, other men will jump in front of one of us and intercept a pass or two, but they always give back the ball with a laugh and a smile. I like throwing the football with Jake and Scott because it makes me feel like a boy, and when I was a boy, I was the person Nikki fell in love with. But then something bad happens. Jake sees him first, points, and says, â€Å"Hey, look at the asshole.† I turn my head and see a big man in a Giants jersey, maybe forty yards away from our tent. He is wearing a red, white, and blue hard hat, and the worst part is that he has a little boy with him who is also wearing a Giants jersey. The guy walks over to a group of Eagles fans who give him a hard time at first but eventually hand him a beer. Suddenly my brother is walking toward this Giants fan, so Scott and I follow. My brother starts chanting as he walks, â€Å"Ass – hole! Ass – hole! Ass – hole!† With every syllable, he throws his index finger at the hard hat. Scott is doing the same thing, and before I know it, we are surrounded by twenty or so men in Eagles jerseys who are also chanting and pointing. I have to admit it feels sort of thrilling to be part of this mob – united in our hatred of the opposing team's fans. When we reach the Giants fan, his friends – all Eagles fans – laugh, and their faces seem to say, â€Å"We told you this would happen.† But instead of acting remorseful, the Giants fan puts his hands up in the air, as if he has just performed a magic trick or something; he smiles widely and nods his head like he is enjoying being called an asshole. He even puts his hand to his ear, as if to say, â€Å"I can't hear you.† The kid with him, who has the same pale skin coloring and flat nose – probably his son – looks terrified. The little guy's jersey hangs down to his knees, and as the â€Å"ass – hole† chant intensifies, the kid holds on to his father's leg and tries to hide behind the big man's thigh. My brother transitions the crowd into a â€Å"Giants suck† chant, and more Eagles fans come to join in. We now are at least fifty strong. And this is when the little kid breaks into tears, sobbing. When we Eagles fans see that the kid is really upset, the mob chuckles and respectfully disperses. Jake and Scott are laughing as we walk back to our tent, but I don't feel so great. I wish we did not make that little kid cry. I know the Giants fan was stupid to wear a Giants jersey to an Eagles game, and it is really his own fault that his son was made to cry, but I also know that what we did was unkind, and this is the sort of behavior Nikki hates, what I am trying – I feel his hands explode through my back, and I stumble forward and almost fall down. When I turn around, I see the big Giants fan. He is no longer wearing his hard hat; his son is not with him. â€Å"You like making little kids cry?† he says to me. I'm too shocked to speak. There were at least fifty men chanting, but he has singled out me. Why? I wasn't even chanting. I wasn't even pointing. I want to tell him this, but my mouth won't work, so I just stand there shaking my head. â€Å"If you don't want a problem, don't wear a Giants jersey to an Eagles game,† Scott says. â€Å"It's just bad parenting to bring your son down here dressed like that,† Jake adds. The mob quickly forms again. A circle of green uniforms surrounds us now, and I think this Giants fan must be crazy. One of his friends has come to talk him down. The friend's a small man with long hair and a mustache – and he's wearing an Eagles shirt. â€Å"Come on, Steve. Let's go. They didn't mean anything. It was just a joke.† â€Å"What the fuck is your problem?† Steve says, and then shoves me again, his hands exploding through my chest. At this point the Eagles fans begin chanting, â€Å"Ass – hole! Ass – hole! Ass – hole!† Steve is staring into my eyes, gritting his teeth so the tendons in his neck bulge like ropes. He also lifts weights. His arms look even bigger than mine, and he is taller than me by an inch or two. I look to Jake for help, and I can see that he looks a little worried himself. Jake steps in front of me, puts his hands up to suggest that he means no harm, but before he can say anything, the Giants fan grabs my brother's Jerome Brown memorial jersey and throws Jake to the ground. I see him hit the concrete – my brother's hands skidding along the blacktop – and then blood is dripping from his fingers and Jake's eyes look dazed and scared. My brother is hurt. My brother is hurt. MY BROTHER IS HURT. I explode. The bad feeling in my stomach rockets up through my chest and into my hands – and before I can stop myself, I'm moving forward like a Mack truck. I catch Steve's cheek with a left, and then my right connects with the south side of his chin, lifting him off the ground. I watch him float through the air as if he were allowing his body to fall backward into a pool. His back hits the concrete, his feet and hands twitch once, and then he's not moving, the crowd is silent, and I begin to feel so awful – so guilty. Someone yells, â€Å"Call an ambulance!† Another yells, â€Å"Tell 'em to bring a blue-and-red body bag!† â€Å"I'm sorry,† I whisper, because I find it hard to speak. â€Å"I'm so sorry.† And then I am running again. I weave through the crowds of people, across streets, around cars, and through horns blaring and cursing drivers screaming at me. I feel a bubbly feeling in my midsection, and then I am puking my guts out onto the sidewalk – eggs, sausage, beer – and so many people are yelling at me, calling me a drunk, saying that I'm an asshole; and then I'm running again as fast as I can, down the street away from the stadiums. When I feel as though I am going to throw up again, I stop and realize I'm alone – no more Eagles fans anywhere. A chain-link fence, beyond it a warehouse that looks abandoned. I vomit again. On the sidewalk, outside of the puddle I am making, pieces of broken glass glint and sparkle in the sun. I cry. I feel awful. I realize that I have once again failed to be kind; that I lost control in a big way; that I seriously injured another person, and therefore I'm never going to get Nikki back now. Apart time is going to last forever because my wife is a pacifist who would never want me to hit anyone under any circumstance, and both God and Jesus were obviously rooting for me to turn the other cheek, so I know I really shouldn't have hit that Giants fan, and now I'm crying again because I'm such a fucking waste – such a fucking non-person. I walk another half block, my chest heaving wildly, and then I stop. â€Å"Dear God,† I pray. â€Å"Please don't send me back to the bad place. Please!† I look up at the sky. I see a cloud passing just under the sun. The top is all electric white. I remind myself. Don't give up, I think. Not just yet. â€Å"Pat! Pat! Wait up!† I look back toward the stadiums, and my brother is running toward me. Over the next minute or so, Jake gets bigger and bigger, and then he is right in front of me, bent over, huffing and puffing. â€Å"I'm sorry,† I say. I'm so, so sorry.† â€Å"For what?† Jake laughs, pulls out his cell phone, dials a number, and holds the small phone up to his ear. â€Å"I found him,† Jake says into the phone. â€Å"Yeah, tell him.† Jake hands me the phone. I put it up to my ear. â€Å"Is this Rocky Balboa?† I recognize the voice as Scott's. â€Å"Listen, the asshole you knocked out – well, he woke up and is super pissed. Better not come back to the tent.† â€Å"Is he okay?† I ask. â€Å"You should be more worried about yourself.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"We played dumb when the cops showed up, and no one was able to identify you or your brother – but ever since five-o left, the big guy's been searching the parking lot, looking for you. Whatever you do, don't come back here, because this Giants fan's hellbent on revenge.† I hand the phone back to Jake, feeling somewhat relieved to know I did not seriously hurt Steve, but also feeling numb – because I lost control again. Plus, I'm a little afraid of the Giants fan. â€Å"So, are we going home now?† I ask Jake when he finishes talking to Scott. â€Å"Home? Are you kiddin' me?† he says, and we start walking back toward the Linc. When I don't say anything for a long time, my brother asks if I'm okay. I'm not okay, but I don't say so. â€Å"Listen, that asshole attacked you and threw me to the ground. You only defended your family,† Jake says. â€Å"You should be proud. You were the hero.† Even though I was defending my brother, even though I did not seriously hurt the Giants fan, I don't feel proud at all. I feel guilty. I should be locked up again in the bad place. I feel as though Dr. Timbers was right about me – that I don't belong in the real world, because I am uncontrollable and dangerous. But of course I do not say this to Jake, mostly because he has never been locked up and doesn't understand what it feels like to lose control, and he only wants to watch the football game now, and none of this means anything to him, because he has never been married and he has never lost someone like Nikki and he is not trying to improve his life at all, because he doesn't ever feel the war that goes on in my chest every single fucking day – the chemical explosions that light up my skull like the Fourth of July and the awful needs and impulses and †¦ Outside the Linc, masses form thick lines, and with hundreds of other fans, we wait to be frisked. I don't remember being frisked at the Vet. I wonder when it became necessary to frisk people at NFL games, but I do not ask Jake, because he is now singing â€Å"Fly, Eagles, Fly† with hundreds of other drunken Eagles fans. After we are frisked, we climb the steps and have our tickets scanned, and then we are inside of Lincoln Financial Field. People everywhere – it's like a hive full of green bees, and the buzz is deafening. We often have to turn sideways just to squeeze between people as we walk the concourse to get to our section. I follow Jake, worrying about getting separated, because I would be lost for sure. We hit the men's room, and Jake gets everyone inside to sing the Eagles fight song again. The lines for the urinals are long, and I am amazed that no one pees in the sinks, because at the Vet – at least up in the 700 Level – all sinks were used as extra urinals. When we finally get to our seats, we are in the end zone, only twenty or so rows up from the field. â€Å"How did you get such good tickets?† I ask Jake. â€Å"I know a guy,† he replies, and smiles proudly. Scott is already seated, and he congratulates me on my fight, saying, â€Å"You knocked that fucking Giants fan out cold!† which makes me feel awful again. Jake and Scott high-five just about everyone in the section, and as the other fans call Scott and my brother by name, it becomes obvious that they are quite popular here. When the beer man comes around, Scott buys us a round, and I am amazed to find a cup holder in the seat in front of me. You would never see such a luxury item at the Vet. Just before the Eagles' players are announced, clips from the Rocky movies are shown on the huge screens at each end of the field – Rocky running by the old Navy Yard, Rocky punching sides of beef in the meat locker, Rocky running up the steps of the art museum – and Jake and Scott keep saying, â€Å"That's you. That's you,† until I worry that someone will hear them, understand that I just fought the Giants fan in the parking lot, and tell the police to take me back to the bad place. When the Eagles' starting lineup is announced, fireworks explode and cheerleaders kick and everyone is standing and Jake keeps on pounding my back with his hand and strangers are high-fiving me, and suddenly I stop thinking about my fight in the parking lot. I begin to think about my dad watching the game in our family room – my mother serving him buffalo wings and pizza and beers, hoping the Eagles win just so her husband will be in a good mood for a week. I again wonder if my dad will start talking to me at night if the Eagles pull out a victory today, and suddenly it's kickoff and I am cheering as if my life depends on the outcome of the game. The Giants score first, but the Eagles answer with a touchdown of their own, after which the whole stadium sings the fight song – punctuated by the Eagles chant – with deafening pride. Late in the first quarter, Hank Baskett gets his first catch of his NFL career – a twenty-five-yarder. Everyone in our section high-fives me and pats me on the back because I am wearing my official Hank Baskett jersey, and I smile at my brother because he gave me such a great present. The game is all Eagles after that, and at the start of the fourth quarter the Eagles are up 24 – 7. Jake and Scott are so happy, and I am beginning to imagine the conversation I am going to have with my father when I get home – how proud he will be of my yelling whenever Eli Manning was trying to call a play. But then the Giants score seventeen unanswered points in the fourth quarter, and the Philadelphia fans are shocked. In overtime, Plaxico Burress goes up and over Sheldon Brown in the end zone, and the Giants leave Philadelphia with a win. It is awful to watch. Outside of the Linc, Scott says, â€Å"Better not come back to the tent. That asshole will be there waiting, for sure.† So we say goodbye to Scott and follow the masses to the subway entrance. Jake has tokens. We go through the turnstiles, descend underground, and push our way onto an already packed subway car. People yell, â€Å"No room!† but Jake mashes his body in between the other bodies and then pulls me in too. My brother's chest is against my back; strangers are smashed against my arms. The doors finally close, and my nose is almost touching the glass window. The smell of beer resurfacing through everyone's sweat glands is pungent. I don't like being this close to so many strangers, but I don't say anything, and soon we are at City Hall. After we exit the train, we spin another turnstile, climb up into center city, and begin walking down Market Street, past the old department stores and the new hotels and The Gallery. â€Å"You wanna see my apartment?† Jake asks when we get to the Eighth and Market PATCO stop, which is where I can hop a train over the Ben Franklin Bridge to Collingswood. I do want to see Jake's apartment, but I am tired and anxious to get home so I can do a little lifting before bed. I ask if I might see it some other time. â€Å"Sure,† he says. â€Å"It's good to have you back, brother. You were a true Eagles fan today.† I nod. â€Å"Tell Dad the Birds will bounce back next week against San Fran.† I nod again. My brother surprises me by giving me a two-armed hug and saying, â€Å"I love you, bro. Thanks for getting my back in the parking lot.† I tell him that I love him too, and then he is walking down Market Street singing â€Å"Fly, Eagles, Fly† at the top of his lungs. I descend underground, insert the five my mother gave me into the change machine, buy a ticket, stick it into the turnstile, descend more stairs, hit the waiting platform, and begin to think about that little kid in the Giants jersey. How hard did he cry when he realized his father had been knocked out? Did the kid even get to see the game? A few other men in Eagles jerseys are sitting on the chrome benches. Each nods sympathetically at me when they see my Hank Baskett jersey. One man at the far end of the platform yells, â€Å"Goddamn fucking Birds!† and then kicks a metal trash can. Another man standing next to me shakes his head and whispers, â€Å"Goddamn fucking Birds.† When the train comes, I choose to stand just inside the doors, and as the train slides across the dusk sky, over the Delaware River, across the Ben Franklin Bridge, I look at the city skyline, and – again – I start to think about that kid crying. I feel so awful when I think about that little kid. I get off the train at Collingswood, walk across the open-air platform and down the steps, stick my card into the turnstile machine, and then jog home. My mother is sitting in the family room, sipping tea. â€Å"How's Dad?† I ask. She shakes her head and points at the TV. The screen is cracked so that it looks like a spiderweb. â€Å"What happened?† â€Å"Your father smashed the screen with the reading lamp.† â€Å"Because the Eagles lost?† â€Å"No, actually. He did it when the Giants tied the game at the end of the fourth quarter. Your father had to watch the Eagles blow the game on the bedroom television,† Mom says. â€Å"How's your brother?† â€Å"Fine,† I say. â€Å"Where's Dad?† â€Å"In his office.† â€Å"Oh.† â€Å"I'm sorry your team lost,† Mom says, just to be nice, I know. â€Å"It's okay,† I answer, and then go down into the basement, where I lift weights for hours and try to forget about that little Giants fan crying, but I still can't get the kid out of my mind. For whatever reason I fall asleep on the rug that covers part of the basement floor. In my dreams the fight happens again and again, only instead of the Giants fan bringing a kid to the game, the Giants fan brings Nikki, and she too is wearing a Giants jersey. Every time I knock the big guy out, Nikki pushes through the crowd, cradles Steve's head in her hands, kisses his forehead, and then looks up at me. Just before I run away, she says, â€Å"You're an animal, Pat. And I will never love you again.† I cry through my dreams and try not to hit the Giants fan every time the memory flashes through my mind, but I can't control my dream self any more than I could control my awake self after seeing the blood on Jake's hands. I wake up to the sound of the basement door being closed, and I see the light streaming in through the small windows over the washer and dryer. I walk up the steps, and I cannot believe the sports pages are there. I am very upset about the dream I had, but I realize it was only a dream, and despite everything that has happened, my father is still leaving me the sports pages after one of the worst Eagles losses in history. So I take a deep breath. I allow myself to feel hopeful again and start my exercise routine.

IBM Dell Companies Overview

IBM Dell Companies Overview IBM endeavors to prepare a common size financial statement with the common size being on the total of each side of the accounting equation. On the income statement, each item is expressed as a percentage of net sales. This helps evaluate internal make up of financial statements (Forbes, 2011). The purpose of this type of accounting is to evaluate financial statement accounts across companies.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on IBM Dell Companies’ Overview specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Over the years, IBM has witnessed an increase in its major revenue, indicating an increment in comparison to Dell. This could be attributed to the fact that IBM focuses mostly on major companies. Additionally, the company invests in IBM’s five major business services, namely: Global Technology Services, Global Business Services, Software, Systems and Technology, and Global Financing. Global Technology services are the ma in income generators, most notably in 2010, and attracted a total of 39% of the company’s total revenue (Forbes, 2011). Software on the other hand accounts for the pre-tax income. The most notable IBM’s software products are Tivoli, Lotus and Rational. Its research and development team has continually endeavored to provide the company with the best information as regards the markets of its products (Forbes, 2011). This is arguably true as IBM’s mainframes have over the years been in the market and still present a profitable products line for the business, in addition to other personal computers and servers. In the information technology firms, IBM is still ranked high and is listed in Fortune magazine as among the world’s most admired companies. One of its most identifying characteristic has been the zeal to invest in low-margin business; for instance the personal computer division that was later sold to Lenovo group and later focusing on more high-value products and services. Its most valuable expense in 2010 was the purchase of Netezza at $1.7 billion (Forbes, 2011). Dell has not been doing badly either, although its revenue is far behind IBM’s. Its philosophy of actively managing demand in real time and selling what is has in its stores has ensured that the company soar to greater heights. If it relied on what it wants to sell, the company would have witnessed low profit margins than recorded (Dell, 2011).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Its success is further promoted by the fact that Dell’s customers are mostly the high-end buyers who adopt new technology, often making the market adopt new product life-cycle transitions (Dell, 2011). Its profit margins have risen steadily and more funds have been directed into research and development for the innovation of more features. Additionally, its operat ing expenses have been on the rise perhaps an attribute of the global crisis that initially affected the market of all products. The company’s manufacturing system has concentrated on the building products place orders, working closely with its major suppliers while concentrating more on consumer research to realize a flexible system. Most if its funds have thus been directed into research and development. The earnings from the shares cannot really account for much of the company’s income. Thus it is agreed that the forecast accuracy in Dell could be around 70-75%, attributable to its careful accounts selection (Dell, 2011). The company’s management has over the years focused on the high-end products with a more prolonged shelf-life. This, however, is mostly applied when the consumer market is highly unpredictable. Of the two companies, IBM is more successful and somewhat unpredictable in its development of new technologies. References Dell (2011). Financial rep orts. Retrieved from https://www.dell.com/en-us Forbes (2011). International Business Machines, Income Statement (NYSE:IBM). Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/companies/ibm/#25deaead39c4Advertising We will write a custom report sample on IBM Dell Companies’ Overview specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Italian Idioms and Sayings Using the Verb Fare

Italian Idioms and Sayings Using the Verb Fare If essere is the Swiss army knife of verbs, then fare is the all-in-one, handy-dandy kitchen appliance. The verb fare expresses the basic idea of doing or making, as in fare gli esercizi (to do the exercises) and fare il letto (to make the bed), but it is also used in many idioms. Note that the infinitive fare is frequently abbreviated to far before a consonant. For example, you may say far colazione, far male, far torto. Fare is also used in many expressions relating to the weather (note that in the following translations, it is an impersonal subject and does not have an equivalent in Italian): Che tempo fa? (How is the weather?)Fa bel tempo. (The weather is nice.)Fa cattivo tempo. (The weather is bad.)Ha fatto caldo. (It has been warm.)Qui fa sempre freddo. (Its always cold here.)In primavera fa sempre fresco. (In spring its always cool.) Besides idiomatic expressions, and expressions relating to the weather, the verb fare is used in a number of proverbs: Fare e disfare à ¨ tuttun lavorare. (Its all go, its a hard life.)Chi la fa laspetti. (You will get as good as you gave.)Chi fa da sà © fa per tre. (If you want something done, do it yourself.)Non fare agli altri cià ² che non vorresti fosse fatto a te. (Do as you would be done by.)Tutto fa brodo. (Every little bit helps.)Chi non sa fare, non sa comandare. (A bad worker is a bad master.) Idiomatic Expressions with Fare   fare i compiti to do ones homework fare il biglietto to purchase a ticket fare la fila / la coda stand on line / wait on line fare la spesa to go grocery shopping fare le spese to go shopping fare forca to play hooky fare vedere to show someone something fare una domanda to ask a question fare una fotografia to take a picture fare una passeggiata to take a walk fare colazione to have breakfast fare un viaggio to take a trip fare un capello in quattro to split hairs farsi la barba to shave farsi coraggio to take heart fare castelli in aria to daydream fare fingere to pretend, make believe fare male to be painful, to ache farsi in la to step to one side fare di tutto to do everything possible fare del proprio meglio to do ones best farsi degli amici to make friends fare alla romana to split the check fare il pieno to fill up the gas tank fare passare to let through

Problem Formulation and Identification Essays - Decision Theory

Problem Formulation and Identification Essays - Decision Theory Problem Formulation and Identification Problem Formulation and Identification There are several types of decision-style models, and finding the correct model for an organization is important. Not all organizations. or people within the organization think the same, and in turn not all decision-style models will work in all organizations. An organization can go under if they are unable to solve problems effectively. In this paper a couple different types of decision-style models are discussed. This will help to explain how the models work and show an organization what model might work best for the organization. The collective decision-making style combines multiple perspectives. The logic and rationally of different individuals collectively analyze and formulate decisions together. The collective style of making decisions has both similarities and differences when other styles. T he collective model of decision-making both lack the stability of a rigid or complex bureaucracy. The collective style is usually embraced willingly in the hope that it best suits a particular organization?s needs. The collective decision making relies on small steps or pieces ?to move in piecemeal fashion toward a bigger solution? (Bateman and Snell, 2009). The collective style individual pieces are isolated from each other. Pieces or individuals within the collective style influence each other more often as they exchange information while working collectively. The collective style of decision-making has unique strengths and weaknesses. Collective knowledge increases the amount of intellectual capital and brainpower. This style of decision-making draws upon the advantage of diversity by capitalizing on the strengths and expertise of different people. Multiple perspectives on any issue increase creativity, innovation, and flexibility. Weaknesses of making decisions collectively may include lower levels of cohesion and increased exposure during times of crisis. The collective decision-making style can be more negatively affected than others by internal conflicts and disagreements. With no one clearly in charge some people may ?try to influence organizational decisions so that their own interest will be served reducing decision-effectiveness? (Bateman and Snell, 2009). This style of decision-making can make a firm particularly vulnerable during time of crisis, when responsibility should be consolidated within a strong leader. The collective style of decision-making is effective at indentifying problems and describing them to stakeholders in a manner sensitive to their perspectives. Collectives focus many minds on particular problems or hotspots at any given time. Members, who most closely resemble or relate to stakeholders perspectives, can be used to increase communication. For example, if an incorporated collective decides to release additional shares additional shares it can have particular members inform other members whom they personally know. The delegation decision making style allows the manager or a person in control to disperse tasks to his or her staff. This is a smart method of decision making because although the manager/leader has to consider the goal setting he or she can consult the staff with different experiences to achieve those goals. Delegation is often most useful when a leader is working with highly skilled or experienced workers. This decision making style allows the leader to capitalize on their employees? individual talents and strengths, while also benefiting from the power of the whole. Delegation is an effective step in recognizing the importance of company?s human capital and or what weaknesses there are. Delegating does not mean giving up control it?s simply means trusting your subordinates and building a strong multitasking team to achieve goals and objectives. Delegation ultimately reduces the workload and stress on the leader because the work is dispersed among the staff members. A manager who uses delegation allows his subordinates to be empowered and motivated resulting in greater trust. This also encourages employee feedback and allows them to have a voice. Although as is with any decision making style there are some disadvantages of delegation. Some of the disadvantages are delegating a task not matched to the individual?s skills or level of experience. Another mistake a manager/leader can make when delegating is not to explain clearly and concisely how a task should be accomplished. This will result in an ultimate waste of everyone?s time and disastrous consequences to the project at hand. Ultimately the power and accountability rests with the delegator leader or manager in charge. If applied correctly delegation can be very beneficial in

Spirituality In Sport Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Spirituality In Sport - Essay Example We take for granted our present identity, the one that our surroundings (parents, family) have given us. But the quest for spirituality helps us discover our true identity and instills hope and faith in us (Russel, 2006). The Divine path unites us with our true identity after we decide to delve in the realm of spirituality. All religions are based on spirituality and no matter how modern we may get, we always want to know our religion’s teachings for matters of our interest, though we might not abide by the religious teachings. These matters can be our passions like music and sports. It is interesting to find out what religion has to say about sports and if there is any linkage between spirituality and sports. Something which is spiritual, touches us deeply from within, gives us peace and motivation to go on. All the successful athletes went for their passion because they found contentment and peace in the sport of their choice. It is difficult to perceive a relationship betwe en sports and spirituality (though it exists for sure), because violence, aggression and anger is seen in sportsmen while they are battling to win the game. As per a renowned psychologist, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (who happens to be a chess player as well), sports let us be in a state of ‘flow’. This is an active state where a sportsman is just focused on the game and does not heed his surroundings. This flow state is an active state because both our mental and physical energies are devoted to just one thing: the game. Also, we are so engrossed in sports that during playing, all our worldly worries seem to drift away and we find an escape from daily tensions and stress. Other activities such as watching television are passive because they do not require one to be directly involved and concentrate solely on one thing (Taylor, 2002, Spring). Athletes drift into a passionate trance, where they relax and find serenity as sports soothe the nerves, no matter how strenuous they might be. Flow is very much similar to the dharana state of yoga which literally means concentration. The similarity is justified; because sports require 100% concentration otherwise one slipping can make you lose. Once in a state of flow, there are chances that it might deepen and the sportsman moves into a state very much similar to dhiyana (meditation state of yoga) and all of a sudden, the player’s performance improves so much that he can turn the game around. But in dhyana (referred to as the Zone by sportsmen), everything slows down so that the player is better able to think and then charge at the opponents. The zone is a transient phase and only the most professional and expert sportsmen are able to fall in it and give their best shot (Taylor, 2002, Spring). Sometimes, extraordinary and phenomenal things tend to happen that leave a mark in the minds of the spectators who are totally awed after experiencing a great feat, when players are in the state of dhyana; for ins tance runners feel as if they are airborne, light and highly energized during ‘tipping’ (dhyana-like state). Some sportsmen also claim that during such a phase, they can see through their bodies. These are psychic experiences and the players manage to give commendable performance during them; but there are chances that a lot of people will question the validity of these experiences. But only a genuine sportsman can verify whether these experiences are really spiritual or make-believe. After dhyana, sportsmen sometimes enter into samadhi (state of union with the divine), where they feel extremely elated: hence we can conclude that sports are a spiritual practice as it corresponds to the three states of yoga dharana, dhyana and samadhi (Taylor, 2002,

Financial management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Financial management - Assignment Example Present value of the expected cash flows is computed by discounting them at the required rate of return (also called minimum rate of return); a zero NPV means the project repays original investment plus the required rate of return. A positive NPV means a better return, and a negative NPV means a worse return, than the return from zero NPV. It is one of the two discounted cash flow (DCF) techniques (the other is internal rate of return) used in comparative appraisal of investment proposals where the flow of income varies over time†. ... The incremental costs remain the same throughout the five years. Depreciation is added back because it is a non-cash item; it is only deducted earlier to calculate the tax. It is assumed that tax is paid in the year in which it is accrued. Workings Direct Costs Yr 1 – $950,000(Sales in Year 1) * 55% = $522,500 Yr 2 onwards – $1,500,000 (Sales in Year 2 and onwards) * 55% = $825,000 Depreciation Depreciation for the five years on straight line basis = $1,000,000 ? 5 = $200,000 Conclusion Based on the fact that the project generates a positive Net Present Value of $397500, the project would have beneficial prospects for the company. Hence, the project should be undertaken. References Top of Form Bpp Learning Media. (2009).  Acca - F9 Financial Management: I-learn. Gardners Books. BusinessDictionary.com, Net Present value, Definition. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/net-present-value-NPV.html Bottom of

Characteristics of the Ideal Man and the Ideal Woman in Three Essay

Characteristics of the Ideal Man and the Ideal Woman in Three Different Cultures - Essay Example This means that the qualities that are associated with masculinity are intelligence, daring, courage, wisdom, and physical strength. Women in Muslim culture are expected to be caring, patient, considerate, kind, and obedient to their husbands. The Muslim culture holds that women are different from men in significant emotional and intellectual ways. That means that their trust of the decisions made on their behalf by male members of the family is paramount to their well being (North and Trip, 2012). In Hindu culture, men are also expected to be the primary breadwinners in the family. Jobless men are not respected as much as those who have steady jobs. Intelligence, wisdom, physical strength, virility and perseverance are qualities that are attributed to real masculinity in Hindu culture. Hindu women are expected to be caring homemakers who respect the values of their ancestors. Even though modern Hindu women are embracing working lives in increasing numbers, traits such as submissiven ess and quietness are still valued in the Hindu woman in Hindu society. The United States has more balance between the roles of men and women in society than most other cultures around the world, and so there is not much variation between how men and women are expected to behave. ... g the ‘perfect’ women in this book tend to be homemakers and daughters who remained faithful to their male relatives even when their lives were negatively affected by their sacrificial obedience. Muslim cultures revere their examples and expect their women to emulate their examples. On the other hand, the Qur’an stipulates that men have been put by â€Å"allah† in positions of authority over women. This means that women’s obedience to men is indisputable; and that any woman who does not believe this is risking her immortal soul. Muslims therefore tend to adhere to rules concerning the roles of the sexes in a more rigid fashion than is the case with other cultures (Long, 2005). In the Hindu culture, the attitudes about the roles of the sexes and the preferable traits for both sexes are influenced by the Vedas, which are the sacred texts in the Hindu religion. In the partriarchal system supported by this texts, a man’s masculinity is confirmed b y the obedience of all women in his household to his rules. If a man does not rule over his wife, then the perpetuation of the rules of the Vedas concerning the continuation of rightful authority are broken. If a daughter refuses to serve her father and brothers or a wife disobeys her husband, then the established order of communication between the male and female sex is disturbed and this disorder will be observed in other elements of nature. The importance of perpetuating these believes about the roles of both genders therefore has a religious basis, just as is the case in the Muslim cultures. In American culture, the changes that are now evident in society concerning the roles of men and women were not always there. Just a century ago, women were mainly expected to concentrate on bearing children and maintaining the

Task Identification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Task Identification - Essay Example (Embrey, 2000)† Of the several known methods in task identification, the process or steps may include critical incident technique and linear sequencing. In the critical incident technique, the key factor is the gathering of any and all available facts or incidents and analyzing what actually occurred as a result. Based on the analysis and interpretation of the data into information, assessments and inferences are made on how to use the findings to improve on future performance or output. Thus the basic step in critical incident technique can be summarized as: â€Å"Step 1: Gathering facts; Step 2: Content analysis; and Step 3: Creating feedback. (EMMUS, 1999)† In information technology (IT), the critical incident technique (CIT) is one of the methodologies in software and applications development. â€Å"The CIT is an open-ended retrospective method of finding out what are the critical features of the software being evaluated. It is a method for getting a subjective report while minimizing interference from stereotypical reactions or received opinions. A critical incident is defined as one which had an important effect on the final outcome. Critical incidents can only be recognized retrospectively. CIT analysis uses a method known as Content Analysis in order to summarize the experiences of many users or many experiences of the same user. (UsabilityNet, 2006)† When linear sequencing is used in task identification, the method describes putting in lined or straight order a sequence or series of events. It follows at times a hierarchical or incremental level of presentation or reasoning. â€Å"Reasoning about events commonly requires assembling the events into a sequence or order of events such that a temporal pattern of events becomes distinguishable and more understandable. For many reasoning tasks involving events, users

Everett Rogers model Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Everett Rogers model - Article Example Rogers states that a successful behavior trait taking hold for successful companies is to develop business models to assess a strategy. These models provide change models expanding on issues such as "what", that provide a picture of the company now of analysis; and "which", that suggest alternative action paths for the company to take. Both of these models provide information to build a more complete picture of events within the business and options for future development. Managers should make use of these models and many don't. Those that do are more likely to be successful and have the ability to minimize risk of failure. Rogers also states that business managers who do are far more likely to survive. For planners and non-planners there is not a single universal technique that can be applied in all situations. Use of strategic planning models can be a very important behavior trait for successful companies. Companies that do not use strategic planning models usually don't because the model does not offer what the customer wants. It may be inadequate because of its analysis of the relationship between company resources and markets. These result in advice about overall investment decisions rather than about the specifics of how to manage the alternatives in the market/business relationship can be shortsighted, since there are always alternatives in order to gain the maximum competitive advantage. Since change is so an important aspect of business continuity, many models don't necessarily provide assiduous suggestions for what type of change should be considered."An example of modeling one such model in use by Boston Consulting Group (BCG) subdivides their profit centers into four main subdivisions. This breakdown does help in planning for strategic investment matters but it does not assist the planner in identifying a single product development proposal to investigate further from a number of alternatives. The matrix system comprises the following: 1) Stars, which are products generally with negative cash flow 2) Question marks, which are products with generally negative cash flows but with low relative market share in growing markets 3) Dogs, which are products unlikely to be generating substantial positive cash flows due to the fact that they are in slowly growing markets with low relative market shares 4) Cash cows, that are products that generating cash which have high relative market shares and are established in slowly growing markets." (Boston Consulting Group). BCG model like the previous statement in the above paragraph does not define the product enough and does not crea te opportunities to explore alternatives in which to improve profitability or market share.As The Boston Consulting Firm notes, "the growth concept is divided into five separate levels one being dominant, strong, favorable, tenable and weak and relates this to the stages of market development. The stages are embryonic, growing, mature, and aging, which produce a series of strategic guidelines for company development. The market growth concept provides valuable guidance about broad policies, replacing the concept of market attractiveness in the GE matrix with stages of market growth. A PLC (product life cycle) are frameworks for planning. It suggests that specific changes in product policy should

Task Identification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Task Identification - Essay Example (Embrey, 2000)† Of the several known methods in task identification, the process or steps may include critical incident technique and linear sequencing. In the critical incident technique, the key factor is the gathering of any and all available facts or incidents and analyzing what actually occurred as a result. Based on the analysis and interpretation of the data into information, assessments and inferences are made on how to use the findings to improve on future performance or output. Thus the basic step in critical incident technique can be summarized as: â€Å"Step 1: Gathering facts; Step 2: Content analysis; and Step 3: Creating feedback. (EMMUS, 1999)† In information technology (IT), the critical incident technique (CIT) is one of the methodologies in software and applications development. â€Å"The CIT is an open-ended retrospective method of finding out what are the critical features of the software being evaluated. It is a method for getting a subjective report while minimizing interference from stereotypical reactions or received opinions. A critical incident is defined as one which had an important effect on the final outcome. Critical incidents can only be recognized retrospectively. CIT analysis uses a method known as Content Analysis in order to summarize the experiences of many users or many experiences of the same user. (UsabilityNet, 2006)† When linear sequencing is used in task identification, the method describes putting in lined or straight order a sequence or series of events. It follows at times a hierarchical or incremental level of presentation or reasoning. â€Å"Reasoning about events commonly requires assembling the events into a sequence or order of events such that a temporal pattern of events becomes distinguishable and more understandable. For many reasoning tasks involving events, users

Z302-summary 4 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Z302-summary 4 - Article Example For example previous research lacks emphasis on approach of terminal integration and different diversity values. Their research even shows that similar methods of diversity can not be implemented in different contexts and diversity management needs to be conducted in accordance to the context of the organization. They state that different organization has different cultures and operations and diversity management should be conducted while given emphasis to these elements. Their research even proposes that the approach of diversity management can help in identifying the nature of the effect of diversity on performance of different organizations. The research states that an organization can adopt a diversity management approach but they need to change their approach with changes in the environment and when organizations experience change they need to change their approach of diversity management. Lastly the research even provides insight to different stake holders such as researchers o n how organization can alter their diversity management approach to attain effective and efficient programs of diversity management. Olsen, J.E, and L.L Martins. "Understanding Organizational Diversity Management Programs: a Theoretical Framework and Directions for Future Research." Journal of Organizational Behavior. 33.8 (2012): 1168-1187.

Continuing Academic Success Essay Example for Free

Continuing Academic Success Essay While being responsible for our academic success, prioritizing work to achieve goals can be valuable to students without a success driven mindset. Responsibility and action along with ethics help set the path for proper results and set standards for academic achievement. As I explore this new endeavor in my life, I will outline my failures, successes and the lessons I have learned along the way. Failure is something I have to accept. I have failed a lot in the past, and I have allowed those failures to effect me in the present. As a young boy in grade school, I would always work hard to obtain good grades. After my first semester in high school, I assumed it was natural for me to get good grades, so I refrained from working hard. After a few months of not striving to my full potential, my academics began to suffer, and I failed a few classes. I was very disappointed in myself, and I then became afraid to try because of a failure mindset. I started to expect failure in my immediate life, especially in my academics. I started to believe I was not good enough to achieve. I would psychologically defeat myself before attempting to do well. Now, I have realized the values in failing by allowing my disappointment to be my motivation for success. Since then, I have learned the importance of setting goals. How can you expect to hit a target without aiming first (Robusto, 2009). Goal setting is important to me because I am a person who likes to take on too many responsibilities. I have a tendency to overload myself with work and at times get overwhelmed when I cannot complete all tasks in a timely manner. I became aware of the process I needed to work on in order to achieve my set goals. I started to write down all tasks I needed to complete and the dates of completion. I set time apart to evaluate my works and prepare to setup a  procedure on how to fulfill these functions that allow me to feel accomplished and not overwhelmed on projects with sensitive time constrictions. While continuing with my academic success, I have been setting new goals academically and for my career. My educational goal will be to complete one a ssignment a day and participate in two-class discussions per day. My career goal is to mentor one of my peers every six months in the area I have already mastered. In doing this, I will assist someone in their career goals as well as my own to ensure everyone develops and succeeds. As I read through my results for the Ethical Lens Inventory and realize, ethics is a set of principles of right conduct (Ethics 2011). My core ethical lenses are sensibility and equality. I listen to my intuition to determine the characteristic traits and attributes that best serve the community. I remain attentive to the particular needs of those in a similar situation as I carefully evaluate their outcome for my resolution. Further sharpening my critical thinking skills in learning from others mistakes and not committing the same mistake twice. My blind ethical lens leads me to believe that I rely heavily on the attributes of the role. At times, this can be risky because I forget that individuals are fallible, and I should rely solely on people to solve problems. In kn owing this about my moral background, I run the risk of believing that my role is more important than other individuals and will not be susceptible to constructive criticism. So I do not hinder my development; I should allow others to assess the role and assure that all roles are important. Even though thinking is a process, and intelligence is the product (Jensen 2005), we have to understand without thinking of the ending result, we can never consider the product. Critical thinking has an important role in learning and development because if properly executed it allows me to see the entire situation instead of the individual task. I plan to take the necessary actions to determine the task with open eyes and an unbiased approach. Remembering the facts about the situation can help in resolving the issue. Understanding by reiterating the problem can help me further comprehend. Applying then analyzing the tasks and or situations so I can prepare the steps to come to the evaluation. I can see if the resources are accurate and thorough. The last thing I should be able to do to assure my critical thinking skills are complete is a form of creating. I take all the information of this situation, and use it in my final resolution. These  steps are crucial in the ability to think clearly and not be clouded by biased information. Advancing in my critical thinking skills is as important as my writing skills. I have to take the appropriate steps in continuing to engage the readers throughout the writing process. Writing is crucial as a student and everyday life because it is a form of communication. I will utilize the necessary resources to assist me in applying the lessons being instructed for completion of each assignment in accordance with the University guidelines. Allowing myself to create an outline for the topic before the rough draft is setting the priority of how the papers thesis will be well planned for the entire topic. I can use many of the Universitys resources such as the thesis generator to begin the subject of the assignment. Grammarly is a great resource to assure the proper format and grammar for the paper. The University has various resources such as live assistance in the Center for Writing Excellence. The benefit of using external resources is that one cannot rely only on their opinion alone but can get a different perspective of the situation. The University library is an excellent option for researching credible information to guarantee educational success. Although, some information in the library could be bias, we have to do the research on each source to review the comparisons and understand which source is indeed accurate. In conclusion, the information obtained and lessons learned in this course have given me a boost of confidence in my critical thinking, reading and writing skills. I feel comfortable in continuing my academic success with this knowledge. I feel as though I have accomplished great things in these past five weeks and will continue to move forward. The University has given me the desire to continue the achievements in my educational career by showing me the proper approach of getting the job done correctly. I now realize that a failure does not define a person. The failures can be used as a stepping-stone in the journey to greatness. References Ethic. (2011). In The American Heritage dictionary of the English language. Retrieved from http://search.credoreference.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/content/entry/hmdictenglang/ethic/0 Jensen, Eric. Critical Thinking Skills. Teaching with the

Processes can influence the learning of current content

Processes can influence the learning of current content Students prior experiences, interests, and thought processes can influence the learning of current content area concepts due to their prior experiences, stress, perceptions and attitudes that can interfere with or distort the material that they are trying to learn. However, learning cannot occur without having prior knowledge because this gives a foundation from which to build from. The link between past experiences, student interest, and present learning is that we draw upon previous experiences and memories as we learn. Teachers need to consider the past experiences as well as interests of students in order to make the lessons more appealing, accessible and interesting. The students past experiences can assist with building new knowledge on top of prior knowledge. Students will learn much faster and learn more if they have a foundation to build upon instead of introducing random bits of information. The sensory registers show us that there are two important educational features present. One, we have to pay attention to any of the information that we have before us so that it can be processed, retained and filed away for further use. The second feature is that it takes time to take the information that has been stored away and bring it to the front for use later. (Slavin, 2006) The Principle of Relevance is one that has been studied and debated about for many decades. Deirdre Wilson Dan Sperber are two individuals how are well known in this particular field where the Theory of Relevance is based on two principles, one being the Communicative Principle and the other being the Cognitive Principle of Relevance. Looking at the Principle of Relevance as the theory within education and students it can be seen how students learn, have learned and will learn as well as relate and recall that information in the future as needed. According to Wilson and Sperber, relevance is a potential property not only of utterances and other observable phenomena, but of thoughts, memories and conclusions of inferences. (Wilson Sperber, 2002) So it can be seen that with students, their past experiences, learning and life as well as interests and the ability to relate and store into memory along with recalling the information can determine how they learn all based on what foundati ons were put in place prior. Students interests are just one of the factors that are known to influence learning in content areas. The teacher needs to use a variety of methods or ways to keep the students interest in the lesson; otherwise they will exhibit a lack of attention or possibly disrupt the class for others. If students do not have any interest in learning what is being presented, then they will not achieve the maximum results in learning the content. There are key principles in brain based learning, these are Importance of meaningful learning, knowledge background, levels of processing development of neural connections, relevance, and activating prior knowledge otherwise known as the Schema Theory. (Slavin, 2006) Looking first at the Importance of meaningful learning it is said that it requires active involvement of the learner who has prior experiences and knowledge to bring understanding as new information is incorporated into memory. Slavin states that it is Mental processing of new information that relates to previously learned knowledge. (Slavin, 2006) Looking next at knowledge background it can be said that the more the person knows about a particular topic or lesson, the more they will be able to learn about. It is said that previous or background knowledge is very important in determining the amount the student will learn, they have a better network already in place in their brains in which the information can be processe d and stored. (Slavin, 2006) With levels of processing, or otherwise known as the Levels of Processing Theory which was proposed by Craik and Lockhart in 1972, suggests people subject stimuli to different levels of mental processing and retain only the information that has been subjected to the most thorough processing. (Craik;Lockhart, 1972) Meaning that the more details that people are subjected to, the more mental processing that must be done and the better the chances are that it will be remembered. This is why repetition of material is necessary for learning and for some, is one of the main processes they use to retain material for later use. It is said that learning starts at birth and continues on through life, this happens with the development of neural connections within the brain. Parents are the first teachers with the environment that they create and expose the child to. As the child grows, teachers are then brought in and the environment that is created within the classroom is added to the mix. All of these are factors that are supposed to help students increase their skill levels; this allows the brain to work more efficiently and effectively. With repetition, the process leads to an automatic response in which as tasks are introduced, it starts to take little effort mentally due to the growth of the neural connections which allows the student to recall information easier. (Slavin, 2006) So when looking into the lesson plans, simple repetition allows the brain to recognize and file away the needed information, and makes it easier over time to recall it for use. This is why providing students more opportunities to practice skills that are needed for the future is very important for it allows the student to gain more knowledge as well as more skills which makes the brain work more efficiently. The Schema Theory otherwise known as activating prior knowledge allows us to gain access to information that we have stored away in our long term memory by following set paths that have been created as stepping stones. (Slavin, 2006) This theory states that information is stored in the long term memory in the schemata, which is a network of connectors to facts and concepts, which provides the basic structure for making sense of all the new information. An example is the memory of riding your first two wheeled bicycle, its thought about, the steps that were taken and the steps flow together along the path to the final goal of riding that bicycle with no training wheels as well as no help from anyone. This memory is stored in the long term memory. Consideration of past experiences, learning, and student interests should be an important part of lesson planning for the teacher because learning is a process that occurs over a long period of time, under different circumstances, with different environments and methods of introduction as well as the interaction socially. Students all interpret instructions differently, while some may receive the correct interpretation, there are those that dont quite understand what is meant all the time. This can lead at times to different explanations though they may arrive at the right answer, the path taken is not the one preferred and identified prior. The learning experience needs to be the process in which it draws upon different interests, past experiences and prior knowledge to draw it all in as one agreeable process. By considering all of this, the student opens up to what is being presented more, filing it away in steps to be identified and recalled at a later time as its being repeated t hough possibly with different methods, as it all draws in to the same end result the light bulb at the end of that tunnel turns on when the information is called forward. Craik, F. . Lockhart, R.S., (1972). Levels of Processing: A framework for Memory Research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 11, 671-684. Roshelle, J. (1995). Learning in Interactive Environments: Prior Knowledge and New Experience. Retrieved June 21, 2010, from Public Institutions for Personal Learning: Establishing a Research Agenda: http://www.exploratorium.edu/IFI/resources/museumeducation/priorknowledge.html Siemens, G. (2006, November 12). Connectivism: Learning Theory or Past Time of the Self-Amused. Retrieved June 20, 2010, from http://www.elearnspace.org/Articles/connectivism_self-amused.htm Slavin, R. E. (2006). Educational Psychology: Theory and Practice. Boston: Pearson Education Inc. Wilson, L. (n.d.). Overview of Brain Based Learning . Retrieved June 10, 2010, from http://www.sonoma.edu/users/f/filp/libs_200/brain.pd

Argument Analysis - Declaration of Independence Essays -- Argument An

Argument Analysis - Declaration of Independence In May of 1776 a resolution was passed at the Virginia Convention in Williamsburg that asked the thirteen American colonies to declare the United Colonies free and independent from the British crown. At the second continental congress the resolution passed and on June 11, 1776 a five-man committee led by Thomas Jefferson was established to write the Declaration of Independence. On July 4, 1776 the members of the second continental congress signed into existence one of the most influential documents in history. The way that Jefferson structured The Declaration of Independence made the article extremely influential. Jefferson first starts by sharing his belief that governments and monarchies that do not represent the people. He then goes on to tell the rights that he believes all people should have all over the world. The rights he describes are simple and reasonable. From there his last line of that paragraph is â€Å"to prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid World.† Then he starts to describe the injustices done to the colonies by the English crown. His structure works well to persuade people because he does not start immediately accusing the king of all these injustices or with strong languages. Like all good speakers and authors, Jefferson starts off with a lightly worded statement about when a group of people should start a new government. He then transitions to a slightly stronger statement about human rights, and then he goes into his compelling injustices o f the king. The injustices that he describes include â€Å"He has plundered our Seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our Towns, and destroyed the Lives of our People. The Declaration of Independence is... ...kes a negative attitude throughout the article. He simply states the facts, supports them, and moves on to his next point. Jefferson never appears to be angry and does not point out anything that distracts the reader from the message that he is trying to convey. He keeps a serious tone throughout that keeps the reader drawn into what he is saying the entire time. The reader feels a sense that Jefferson is serious about what he is saying and he is not to be taken lightly at all. Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence is one of the most famous influential documents ever produced. The declaration led to the freedom of the Thirteen Colonies which in turn sparked the independence of much of the Western Hemisphere. â€Å"When in the course of human events† and the following text are now some of the most recognizable words in all of historical documents.

Mirror Mirror on the Wall, Who’s the Fairest of Them All? Essay

As in the Disney movie Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the evil queen is obsessed with being the fairest, or most beautiful, woman in all the land. The word beauty, by definition, is the quality present in a thing or person that gives intense pleasure or deep satisfaction to the mind, whether from sensory manifestation, a meaningful design, or something else such as personality. But what is beautiful to me may not evoke the same response or feeling from you. How is the queen to know she is the fairest in everyone’s eye if not everyone holds the same definition of beautiful? Why is it that we are attracted to some people and not attracted to others? The well-known phrase, â€Å"beauty is in the eye of the beholder† may hold some truth. Perception dictates how we view everything. People’s views are gained through experience and the environment in which they live. With that being said, our ideal depiction of beauty may slightly differ because no two people experience the same things in life, but aspects as to what people find attractive overlap. These overlapping qualities can be grouped into categories, which include the influence of personality, facial beauty, and body beauty and how it’s changing with society. Both males and females, at some level or another, are concerned with how they look to others. Typically, females are more preoccupied with the idea of looking beautiful. Don’t misinterpret what I’m saying; males care about what they look like as well, but generally not to the extent of that of females. This paper will focus on the perceptions people have on beauty as it pertains to women. Influence of Personality on the Perception of Beauty A study was conducted in which a group of researchers wanted to examine if the infl... ...International Journal Of Cosmetic Science, 27(6), 317-325. doi:10.1111/j.1467-2494.2005.00286.x Haughton, N. (2004). Perceptions of beauty in Renaissance art. Journal Of Cosmetic Dermatology, 3(4), 229-233. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2130.2004.00142.x Leist, A. (2003). What Makes Bodies Beautiful. Journal Of Medicine & Philosophy, 28(2), 187-219. Swami, V., Furnham, A., Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Akbar, K., Gordon, N., Harris, T., & ... Tovee, M. J. (2010). More Than Just Skin Deep? Personality Information Influences Men's Ratings of the Attractiveness of Women's Body Sizes. Journal Of Social Psychology, 150(6), 628-647. doi:10.1080/00224540903365497 Weller, J. E., & Dziegielewski, S. F. (2004). The Relationship Between Romantic Partner Support Styles and Body Image Disturbance. Journal Of Human Behavior In The Social Environment, 10(2), 71-92. doi:10.1300/J137v10n02_04

Female Education And A Nations Development Education Essay

Female instruction is indispensable for the development of a state. This is chiefly because adult females are involved in all kinds of activities both at a regional degree and at the community degree such as kid bearing and family jobs etc. Hence it is really of import to supply quality instruction to adult females to assist them lend to the development of the state in a meaningful manner. Assorted surveies show that adult females ‘s instruction is really of import in order to better the socio-economic place of their households. It is the inequality in entree to instruction for female pupils that prevents them from obtaining the indispensable instruction necessary for their well being and their household ‘s development. The traditional thought of many societies that adult females are merely supposed to make the family work has contributed mostly to the low degrees of female instruction around the Earth. It is seen nevertheless that the societies that have focused on suppl ying better instruction to adult females have better indexs of societal public assistance. These societies for illustration have lower infant mortality rate apart from that the issue of lower birthrate rates, besides increased life anticipation, improved nutrition and most significantly better chances for their kids. Other factors such as residential position and parent ‘s concern and attitude towards female pupils besides plays an of import function in bettering the educational position of female pupils in any society. Parent ‘s degree of instruction besides has a direct impact on their girl ‘s instruction. The nexus between the female parent and girl is the strongest. Poverty, parent ‘s professional position, deficiency of skilled instructors and deficiency of inducements such as scholarships for adult females, want of parental attention and proper educational policies affect the criterion of female instruction. ( I.A. Adetunde, 2008 ) Therefore Women ‘s instruction is a really of import issue. Womans who are educated can do profound picks in the affair of wellness, nutrition and basic upbringing of a kid. There is great impact on infant mortality wellness, birthrate, productiveness and a kid ‘s academic public presentation if adult females are educated. On 8th March 2004 Laura Bush ( the first lady at that clip ) said on the adult females ‘s twenty-four hours that when a adult females is denied instruction â€Å" you ‘ve denied half of the population the opportunity to win and the opportunity to lend to a society and to a civilization. † she besides said that â€Å" Womans are more likely to be able to do informed pick so that their kids do n't endure from malnutrition or other diseases and guarantee that their kids can have best wellness attention. † In Every civilization, the duty of the upbringing and nourishing of a kid lies in the custodies of the female parent. Due to this duty the adult females ‘s instruction has gained rather an importance globally. Surveies reveal that adult females ‘s instruction has strong deductions on every facet of a kid ‘s upbringing and one of them is the kid ‘s academic public presentation. Children of educated female parents are seen to hold better academic public presentation as compared to kids of less or uneducated female parents. ( Tahir Andrabi, Jishnu Das, Asim Ijaz Khwaja: March 2009 ) Educated female parents can assist their kids throughout their life, but most significantly they can assist their kids in their early yearss of instruction. They try to indulge their kids in more productive educational activities apart from what they study at school. This enhances the kid ‘s educational capablenesss and helps them achieve success. Harmonizing to a survey an extra twelvemonth of station compulsory schooling of a female parent has a positive impact on their kid ‘s academic public presentation i.e. â€Å" female parents who stay in full clip instruction beyond the minimal school go forthing age are more likely to show positive educational attitudes and behaviors such as reading to their kids † . ( Leon Feinstein and Ricardo Sabates: January 2008 ) â€Å" Higher instruction is systematically associated with a higher likeliness of matrimony, whereas less instruction is associated with a higher likeliness of divorce † ( Jennifer March Augustine, 2010 ) . Therefore educated female parents tend to hold more stable relationships and household position. This in bend affects their kids ‘s academic public presentation. Children have a healthy environment to populate in and therefore can concentrate more on their surveies and execute good. The flow of resources such as clip, money and socio-emotional support etc from the female parent to kids is affected by this relationship position. ( Jennifer March Augustine, 2010 ) . Marital and birthrate forms have been seen to alter over the last few decennaries. Womans who are more educated ( college alumnuss ) have been the least likely to acquire married and have kids historically. Today nevertheless, the state of affairs is altering and this matrimony spread is gnawing The returns to marriage hold changed. College educated adult females marry subsequently, do non see matrimony as a â€Å" fiscal security † , have fewer kids and worsening divorce rates since 1970 ‘s as compared to adult females without college grades. These factors help adult females to hold a better and a healthier household life which in bend helps them in their Childs upbringing. The kids of more educated adult females therefore can concentrate more on their surveies as they have a healthier environment to analyze in and so they perform good ( Adam Isen Feb. 2010 ) . A Mothers instruction influences a kid largely during the kid ‘s early old ages of instruction ( primary instruction ) . Educated female parents make their kids pass more clip in out-of-door activities, reading etc and are concerned about their kid ‘s advancement at school and have outlooks of the kid ‘s future educational accomplishments.This encourages the kid to concentrate more on h is surveies and enhances his capablenesss. ( Leon Feinstein and Ricardo Sabates: January 2008 ) . Furthermore there are significant intergenerational returns to instruction. An extra twelvemonth of a female parent ‘s schooling makes a positive part to the Childs academic public presentation. It increases the Childs public presentation on a standardised math trial by about 0.1 of a standard divergence and reduces the incidence of behavioral jobs particularly for kids aged 7-8.There are assorted channels that transmit the consequence of maternal instruction to the kid, including parental investings throughout different phases of a Childs life and household environment. Educated adult females tend to hold a healthier place environment with better and more stable household lives which so contribute to their Childs educational excellence. Maternal instruction besides reduces grade repeat and the incidence of behavioral jobs. Educated female parents fundamentally avoid early childbirth, are more likely to be married to educated work forces and tend to hold higher incomes. Thus th ey can lend in several ways to their Childs instruction for illustration through books, affecting them in extracurricular activities or purchasing them a computing machine. This extra investing pays off in the signifier of improved child public presentation in all academic facets of his life. Even if educated female parents work more they do non pretermit their kids as they are cognizant of the negative effects of making so ( Pedro Carneiro, Sep 2007 ) . Besides educated female parents tend to pass more clip with their kids and their kids tend to pass more clip analyzing outside school therefore there is a strong impact of maternal instruction on their kid ‘s trial tonss. ( Tahir Andrabi, Jishnu Das and Asim Ijaz Khwaja, March 2009 ) . Educated female parents bring in more encouragement and ability for their kids to win in life. Children of educated female parents are normally more confident, free from anxiousnesss, ambitious, self reliant and more focussed. It is seen that an addition in female parent ‘s instruction leads to an addition in the pupils ‘ accomplishment at school.Those female parents who stayed on in instruction instead than merely holding the basic primary instruction can assist their kids in a better manner. A direct relationship is seen between a female parent ‘s instruction degree and their kid ‘s academic public presentation. ( Azra Parveen & A ; Muhammad Tayyab Alam 2008 ) . Traditionally it has been thought that an addition in investing in adult females ‘s schooling wages off in the signifier of increased schooling of the following coevals. Some writers have a different position nevertheless. Harmonizing to them the positive relationship between mother-child schooling can non wholly be considered true as it is slightly colored upward due to the correlativities between schooling and assortative coupling and heritable â€Å" ability † . The other surveies, they argue have non considered these factors and therefore reason demoing a positive relationship between mother-child schooling and instruction. â€Å" An addition in the schooling of adult females does non hold good effects in footings of the schooling of kids † ( Jere R. Behrman and Mark R. Rosenzweig, 2002 ) . Increases maternal schooling and instruction alternatively makes the female parents concentrate less on their places, household and specifically their kids. It is emphasize d that the clip of the adult females is an indispensable factor in childbirth and therefore adult females should concentrate more on their households and non on instruction. This, they argue will take to a better academic hereafter for their kid. Better schooling of the female parent nevertheless can better a Childs wellness in certain state of affairss. Basically the consequence of puting in adult females ‘s schooling requires attending to the function played by schooling in the labour and matrimony market for adult females. ( Jere R. Behrman and Mark R. Rosenzweig, 2002 ) Literacy position of female parents besides strongly affects the wellness and nutritionary province of their kids therefore literate female parents can take better attention of their kid ‘s wellness and protect them against several diseases. With illiterate female parents nevertheless there are opportunities of kids developing malnutrition particularly kids less than three old ages of age who are scraggy. Malnutrition negatively affects the kid ‘s academic public presentation. An educated female parent takes better attention of their Childs wellness and therefore their kid is more successful throughout his life. Although there is a positive correlativity between a female parent ‘s instruction and their Childs wellness some surveies reveal that there is barely any important consequence of a female parent ‘s instruction on Childs wellness if female parents have got merely primary instruction. Further it has been found that the first three old ages of female pare nt ‘s instruction has no impact on the Childs wellness. The impact is seen after the first three old ages and the consequence is non additive in instruction. After 4 to 6 old ages of instruction, the magnitude of this consequence becomes little but so once more picks up after 1 old ages of instruction. ( Meherun Ahmed May 2009 ) . However, some bookmans do non wholly back up the correlativity that there is a strong causal relationship between maternal instruction and child wellness. Harmonizing to them this nexus has barely been analyzed decently utilizing the most appropriate statistical theoretical accounts. They are utilizing the community-level fixed-effects theoretical accounts and therefore reason â€Å" maternal instruction may be a placeholder for the socioeconomic position of the family every bit good as for features of the community of abode † . Therefore harmonizing to them there is a possibility that the positive relationship between maternal instruction and child wellness may be untrue. By commanding for a few socioeconomic variables the maternal education/child wellness nexus is seen to be weak. Three markers of kid wellness viz. infant mortality, immunisation position and kids ‘s height-for-age have been examined. Maternal instruction has a important impact on height-for-age and inf ant mortality in merely a few states around the universe. However on the other manus maternal instruction has a strong positive consequence on kids ‘s immunisation position in about half of the states of the universe even after implementing the community and single degree controls. ( SONALDE DESAI AND SOUMYA ALVA, 1998 ) Harmonizing to another survey, educated parents tend to hold educated kids. The writer focused on analyzing whether the intergenerational transmittal of human capital is more behavioral ( raising ) or innate ( nature ) . The information collected helped in dividing familial from environmental parental influences. Consequences of the analysis emphasised that the raising constituent is more of import for both parents ( female parent and male parent ) .The instruction of the most educated female grownup in a family has a strong positive consequence on the schooling of the kids in that family. This holds true for a Childs biological parents and for the parents of an adopted kid. It can be said that the more the female parent is educated, the better the Childs academic public presentation. When male childs and misss are analysed individually it is seen that if the raising constituent is isolated, the male parents education affairs more for male childs whereas a female parents instruction affairs more for misss. The positive effects of the instruction of the adoptive parents are merely seen for kids related to the caput of their new families ( Damien de Walque, 2005 ) .Research UndertakingLiterature ReviewByAsna ShahidSection G07U0469Submitted toAnam TahirLahore School of Economics